Nature of science:

Consider ethical implications of research—Jenner tested his vaccine for smallpox on a child. (4.5)

• Every organism has unique molecules on the surface of its cells.
• Pathogens can be species-specific although others can cross species barriers.
• B lymphocytes are activated by T lymphocytes in mammals.
• Activated B cells multiply to form clones of plasma cells and memory cells.
• Plasma cells secrete antibodies.
• Antibodies aid the destruction of pathogens.
• White cells release histamine in response to allergens.
• Histamines cause allergic symptoms.
• Immunity depends upon the persistence of memory cells.
• Vaccines contain antigens that trigger immunity but do not cause the disease.
• Fusion of a tumour cell with an antibody-producing plasma cell creates a hybridoma cell.
• Monoclonal antibodies are produced by hybridoma cells.

• The World Health Organization initiated the campaign for the global eradication of smallpox in 1967. The campaign was deemed a success in 1977, only 10 years later.

Utilization:

• Human vaccines are often produced using the immune responses of other animals.
  • Syllabus and cross-curricular links:
  • Biology
  • Topic 6.3 Defence against infectious disease
  • opic 11.4 Sexual reproduction
  • Geography
  • Part 2F: The geography of food and health

Aims:

• Aim 7: Use of databases to analyse epidemiological data.

• Application: Smallpox was the first infectious disease of humans to have been eradicated by vaccination.
• Application: Monoclonal antibodies to HCG are used in pregnancy test kits.
• Application: Antigens on the surface of red blood cells stimulate antibody production in a person with a different blood group.
• Skill: Analysis of epidemiological data related to vaccination programmes.

Guidance:

• Limit the immune response to mammals.