Antibody production and vaccination

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Nature of science:

Consider ethical implications of research—Jenner tested his vaccine for smallpox on a child. (4.5)

Understandings:
  • Every organism has unique molecules on the surface of its cells.
  • Pathogens can be species-specific although others can cross species barriers.
  • B lymphocytes are activated by T lymphocytes in mammals.
  • Activated B cells multiply to form clones of plasma cells and memory cells.
  • Plasma cells secrete antibodies.
  • Antibodies aid the destruction of pathogens.
  • White cells release histamine in response to allergens.
  • Histamines cause allergic symptoms.
  • Immunity depends upon the persistence of memory cells.
  • Vaccines contain antigens that trigger immunity but do not cause the disease.
  • Fusion of a tumour cell with an antibody-producing plasma cell creates a hybridoma cell.
  • Monoclonal antibodies are produced by hybridoma cells.
International-mindedness:
  • The World Health Organization initiated the campaign for the global eradication of smallpox in 1967. The campaign was deemed a success in 1977, only 10 years later.

Utilization:

  • Human vaccines are often produced using the immune responses of other animals.
    • Syllabus and cross-curricular links:
    • Biology
    • Topic 6.3 Defence against infectious disease
    • opic 11.4 Sexual reproduction
    • Geography
    • Part 2F: The geography of food and health

Aims:

  • Aim 7: Use of databases to analyse epidemiological data.
Applications and skills:
  • Application: Smallpox was the first infectious disease of humans to have been eradicated by vaccination.
  • Application: Monoclonal antibodies to HCG are used in pregnancy test kits.
  • Application: Antigens on the surface of red blood cells stimulate antibody production in a person with a different blood group.
  • Skill: Analysis of epidemiological data related to vaccination programmes.

Guidance:

  • Limit the immune response to mammals.
 

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